1. Product Structure and Interfacial Engineering
1.1 Core-Shell Structure and Bonding Mechanism
(Copper-Coated Steel Fibers)
Copper-coated steel fibers (CCSF) are composite filaments consisting of a high-strength steel core wrapped up by a conductive copper layer, forming a metallurgically bonded core-shell style.
The steel core, generally low-carbon or stainless-steel, gives mechanical toughness with tensile strengths exceeding 2000 MPa, while the copper coating– usually 2– 10% of the total size– conveys exceptional electric and thermal conductivity.
The interface in between steel and copper is essential for efficiency; it is engineered with electroplating, electroless deposition, or cladding procedures to ensure solid attachment and minimal interdiffusion under operational stresses.
Electroplating is the most typical technique, supplying precise density control and uniform coverage on continuous steel filaments drawn with copper sulfate baths.
Proper surface area pretreatment of the steel, consisting of cleansing, pickling, and activation, guarantees ideal nucleation and bonding of copper crystals, protecting against delamination during subsequent handling or service.
In time and at raised temperatures, interdiffusion can form breakable iron-copper intermetallic phases at the user interface, which may compromise adaptability and lasting integrity– a difficulty reduced by diffusion obstacles or rapid handling.
1.2 Physical and Useful Properties
CCSFs incorporate the very best features of both basic steels: the high elastic modulus and exhaustion resistance of steel with the superior conductivity and oxidation resistance of copper.
Electric conductivity generally varies from 15% to 40% of International Annealed Copper Criterion (IACS), relying on layer thickness and pureness, making CCSF significantly a lot more conductive than pure steel fibers (
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